AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In this way, Calvin cycle becomes a pathway in which plants convert sunlight energy into long-term storage molecules, such as sugars. The energy from the ATP and NADPH is transferred to the sugars. This step is known as reduction since electrons are transferred to 3-PGA molecules to form glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate.

Detailed explanation-2: -Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions divided into two stages, the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. ATP and NADPH are generated by two electron transport chains during the light reactions. The Calvin cycle uses CO2 and the energy temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH to make the sugar glucose.

Detailed explanation-3: -Figure 5.14 Light-dependent reactions harness energy from the sun to produce ATP and NADPH. These energy-carrying molecules travel into the stroma where the Calvin cycle reactions take place. The Calvin cycle reactions (Figure 5.15) can be organized into three basic stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

Detailed explanation-4: -In the second stage, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This stage gets its name because NADPH donates electrons to, or reduces, a three-carbon intermediate to make G3P.

Detailed explanation-5: -The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide, producing three-carbon sugars-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, molecules. The Calvin cycle converts ATP to ADP and Pi, and it converts NADPH to NADP+.