AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The phosphate backbone of DNA is negatively charged, which is due to the presence of bonds created between the phosphorus and oxygen atoms. In DNA structure, a phosphate group comprises one negatively charged oxygen atom, which is responsible for the entire strand of DNA to be negatively charged.

Detailed explanation-2: -Phosphates are molecules with the chemical formula PO4-. The presence of a negative charge causes phosphates to act as a nucleophile; it seeks a positive charge, therefore it is always found bound to other atoms or molecules.

Detailed explanation-3: -phosphite have a-3 charge when it has one fewer oxygen atom than phosphate, which has a negative charge of 1. The chemical formula for phosphite ion is PO3−3 P O 3 3 − . In this case, the oxidation state of phosphorus is equal to +3. The chemical formula for phosphate ion is PO3−4 P O 4 3 − .

Detailed explanation-4: -(The calcium ion has a 2+ charge and the phosphate ion has a 3-charge.

Detailed explanation-5: -Because of its three pKas, phosphate is dianionic at pH 7, the physiological intracellular pH. Thus, phosphate monoester groups have one full negative charge and a second negative charge, which can be a partial or full charge depending on the chemical context; phosphate diesters retain a full negative charge.