AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Most of this energy is dissipated as heat or utilized to pump hydrogen ions (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and create a proton gradient.

Detailed explanation-2: -During electron transport, energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space.

Detailed explanation-3: -In the matrix, NADH and FADH2 deposit their electrons in the chain (at the first and second complexes of the chain, respectively). The energetically “downhill” movement of electrons through the chain causes pumping of protons into the intermembrane space by the first, third, and fourth complexes.

Detailed explanation-4: -During chemiosmosis, electron carriers like NADH and FADH donate electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons cause conformation changes in the shapes of the proteins to pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane.

Detailed explanation-5: -Complexes I, III, and IV use the chemical energy of oxidation to pump H+ ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. This makes an electrical current that separates charge and produces a potential difference across the mitochondrial membrane.