AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Answer and Explanation: Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid), and in this step gain NAD+.

Detailed explanation-2: -The process of fermentation results in the reduction of pyruvate to form lactic acid and the oxidation of NADH to form NAD + . Electrons from NADH and a proton are used to reduce pyruvate into lactate.

Detailed explanation-3: -During fermentation, the NADH is used to reduce pyruvate to lactate, which is then excreted. This process results in a net yield of two ATP and two lactate molecules per glucose, without consuming any oxygen.

Detailed explanation-4: -Pyruvate is converted into acetyl co enzyme A under aerobic conditions that enters Kreb’s cycle and is completely oxidised to CO2 and H2O . Pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol under anaerobic conditions. It is converted into lactate in presence of enzyme lactic dehydrogenase.

Detailed explanation-5: -Two pyruvates are converted to two lactic acid molecules, which ionize to form lactate. In this process two NADH + H+ are converted to two NAD+. Our muscle cells can undergo this process when they are in oxygen debt.