AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Most viruses accomplish this by inducing aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect (2). The Warburg effect is the fermentation of pyruvate at the end of glycolysis into lactate using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), even when oxygen is present.

Detailed explanation-2: -Explanation: Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of cells. Once finished, the two pyruvate products are transported into the mitochondria to go through the citric acid cycle, at a cost of 1 ATP per pyruvate. Neither the nucleus, nor the endoplasmic reticulum have any function in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

Detailed explanation-3: -Most notably, viruses differ from living organisms in that they cannot generate ATP. Viruses also do not possess the necessary machinery for translation, as mentioned above. They do not possess ribosomes and cannot independently form proteins from molecules of messenger RNA.

Detailed explanation-4: -Glycolysis is a process that happens in all living organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic.