AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The ETC is a collection of proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, which electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy. The energy released forms a proton gradient, which is used in chemiosmosis to make a large amount of ATP by the protein ATP-synthase.

Detailed explanation-2: -The electron transport chain is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The electron transport cycle yields around 30-32 ATP molecules, according to current studies.

Detailed explanation-3: -The FADH2 and NADH molecules produced in glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, donate high-energy electrons to energy carrier molecules within the membrane.

Detailed explanation-4: -Electron transfer from glycolysis’ NADH and FADH2 molecules, pyruvate transformation, and the Krebs cycle generates up to 32 additional ATP molecules. As a result, in the process of cellular respiration, a single molecule of glucose can yield up to 36 molecules of ATP.

Detailed explanation-5: -The electron transport chain is initiated by the reaction of an organic metabolite (intermediate in metabolic reactions) with the coenzyme NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). This is an oxidation reaction where 2 hydrogen atoms (or 2 hydrogen ions and 2 electrons) are removed from the organic metabolite.