AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Energy released in these reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Making ATP The pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creates a greater concentration of the ions in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. This chemiosmotic gradient causes the ions to flow back across the membrane into the matrix, where their concentration is lower.

Detailed explanation-3: -Answer and Explanation: When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the creation of proton-motive force (d is correct).

Detailed explanation-4: -The process of ATP synthesis using ‘free energy’ obtained when electrons are passed to several carriers (ETC) is known as chemiosmosis. The actual point of the synthesis of ATP takes place when electrons pass the inner mitochondrial membrane. Energy is released within this process, resulting in the synthesis of ATP.

Detailed explanation-5: -Chemiosmosis, the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, is a crucial requirement for the synthesis of ATP in cellular respiration.