AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -during anaerobic respiration, yeasts produce alcohol. Glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide with the release of energy. Lactic acid is produced in muscles when they respire anaerobically.

Detailed explanation-2: -Upon a strictly biochemical point of view, fermentation is a process of central metabolism in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or sugar, into an alcohol or an acid. For example, yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol.

Detailed explanation-3: -In the presence of oxygen, yeast undergo aerobic respiration and convert carbohydrates (sugar source) into carbon dioxide and water.

Detailed explanation-4: -Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+. Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid (lactate) and NAD+.

Detailed explanation-5: -Alcoholic fermentation begins with the breakdown of sugars by yeasts to form pyruvate molecules, which is also known as glycolysis. Glycolysis of a glucose molecule produces two molecules of pyruvic acid. The two molecules of pyruvic acid are then reduced to two molecules of ethanol and 2CO2 (Huang et al., 2015).