AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

Detailed explanation-2: -As H +start superscript, plus, end superscript ions flow down their gradient and back into the matrix, they pass through an enzyme called ATP synthase, which harnesses the flow of protons to synthesize ATP.

Detailed explanation-3: -Chemiosmosis involves the pumping of protons through special channels in the membranes of mitochondria from the inner to the outer compartment. The pumping establishes a proton (H+) gradient. After the gradient is established, protons diffuse down the gradient through a transport protein called ATP synthase.

Detailed explanation-4: -The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis takes place on this membrane as part of cellular respiration to create ATP and can be seen in the diagram: The cristae increase the surface area of the inner membrane, allowing for faster production of ATP because there are more places to perform the process.

Detailed explanation-5: -Answer and Explanation: The movement of protons (H+) down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase occurs from the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria (where protons accumulate) to the mitochondria matrix, passing through ATP synthase located on the mitochondria’s inner membrane.