AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -During glycolysis, glucose ultimately breaks down into pyruvate and energy; a total of 2 ATP is derived in the process (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi–> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O).

Detailed explanation-2: -Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules, a total of four ATP molecules, and two molecules of NADH.

Detailed explanation-3: -First ATP is produced when glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ⇢ 1, 3 diphosphoglycerate. Secondly ATP is produced when phosphoenolpyruvate ⇢ pyruvate. These reactions occur twice for both molecules of 3-phosphate. Thus, a total of 4 ATPs are produced during glycolysis.

Detailed explanation-4: -The first and third steps of glycolysis are both energetically unfavorable. This means they will require an input of energy in order to continue forward. Per glucose molecule, 1 ATP is required for each of these steps. Therefore, a total of 2 ATP is needed during the energy investment phase of glycolysis.

Detailed explanation-5: -In the entire process of glycolysis, 2 NADPH molecules also formed. Each NADH produces 3ATP molecules that mean 6 ATP molecules in glycolysis are produced via NADPH. Therefore the total ATP molecules formed are 10ATP as 2ATPs used up in the initial steps, the net gain is 8 ATP molecules.