AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In glycolysis, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate undergoes oxidation and forms 1, 3-bis phosphoglyceric acid in the preparatory phase. In this reaction NAD+ is reduced to NADH and H+. In the last step, phosphoenol pyruvate is dephosphorylated to pyruvic acid.

Detailed explanation-2: -The sixth step in glycolysis oxidizes the sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate), extracting high-energy electrons, which are picked up by the electron carrier NAD+, producing NADH.

Detailed explanation-3: -The third step of glycolysis is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule donates a phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, producing fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate and ADP as products.

Detailed explanation-4: -Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC:1.2. 1.12) is an important enzyme in the glycolysis process. In the presence of inorganic phosphate (Pi), GAPDH catalyzes the conversion of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate (BPG), accompanying the reduction of NAD+ to NADH.

Detailed explanation-5: -Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a highly conserved enzyme within the glycolytic pathway. GAPDH catalyzes the transformation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to glycerate-1, 3-biphosphate, a process accompanied by the production of NADH.