AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme that participates in electron transfer reactions. The oxidized form of NAD is abbreviated as NAD+ and it can accept two electrons. The reduced form of NAD is abbreviated as NADH.

Detailed explanation-2: -The reduced form of NAD is designated as NADH and oxidized form as NAD+. Each form helps to carry electrons from one reaction to another. It also plays a vital role in energy production via redox reactions.

Detailed explanation-3: -Definition: A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD.

Detailed explanation-4: -NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+. NADP+ differs from NAD+ by the presence of an additional phosphate group on the 2’ position of the ribose ring that carries the adenine moiety. This extra phosphate is added by NAD+ kinase and removed by NADP+ phosphatase.

Detailed explanation-5: -In complex I, electrons are passed from NADH to the electron transport chain, where they flow through the remaining complexes. NADH is oxidized to NAD in this process.