AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The high external acid concentration causes an increase in H+ in the inter membrane space leading to increased ATP production by ATP synthetase. Mitochondrial production of ATP requires a concentration gradient of H+, with a high concentration at the inter membrane space and a low concentration in the matrix.

Detailed explanation-2: -Explanation: There is an increased ATP production if the levels of hydrogen ions increase in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria.

Detailed explanation-3: -As the proton (H+ ion) moves down the concentration gradient this moves the enzyme in a spinning motion, which brings ADP and inorganic phosphate together to form a bond, thus creating ATP molecule. The resulting ATP molecule is released so that a new ADP molecule can enter for another phosphorylation.

Detailed explanation-4: -Explain why an intact, impermeable mitochondrial membrane is essential for ATP synthesis. The impermeable nature of the inner membrane of the mitochondria allows a hydrogen ion gradient to occur, which drives ATP synthesis.

Detailed explanation-5: -When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the creation of proton-motive force (d is correct). The proton-motive force describes the force created by the tendency of hydrogen ions to move down their concentration gradient.