AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The ETC is a collection of proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, which electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy. The energy released forms a proton gradient, which is used in chemiosmosis to make a large amount of ATP by the protein ATP-synthase.

Detailed explanation-2: -The proton gradient produced by proton pumping during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP. Protons flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP.

Detailed explanation-3: -At the end of the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen, which splits in half and takes up H+ to form water. As H+ ions flow down their gradient and back into the matrix, they pass through an enzyme called ATP synthase, which harnesses the flow of protons to synthesize ATP.

Detailed explanation-4: -ATP is synthesized by the enzyme F1F0-ATP synthase. This enzyme, the smallest-known molecular machine, couples proton translocation through its membrane-embedded, hydrophobic domain, F0, to the synthesis of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in its soluble, hydrophilic headpiece, F1.

Detailed explanation-5: -What is the synthesis of ATP via a proton gradient called? chemiosmosis. ATP synthase. enzyme used to synthesize ATP. Protons are liberated (created) during oxidation reactions.