AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -As the hydrogen ions accumulate on one side of a membrane, the concentration of hydrogen ions creates an electrochemical gradient or potential difference (voltage) across the membrane called proton motive force.

Detailed explanation-2: -The proton motive force drives protons through a channel in the ATP synthase, and turns the rotor at approx 100 rpm. The turning rotor changes the shape of the cytoplasmic subunits (called the F1 ATPase), which bind ADP and inorganic phosphate and bond them together to form ATP.

Detailed explanation-3: -Oxidative Phosphorylation: Oxidative phosphorylation is the process where ATP is produced from ADP through the use of a proton-motive force. This process occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -The proton-motive force created by the pumping out of protons by the respiratory chain complexes is in the mitochondria of most tissues mainly used to translocate protons through the ATP synthase complex, leading to the formation of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate.