AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis requires a membrane, proton pump, a proton gradient and the ATP Synthase. The transmembrane channel of ATP synthase facilitates the diffusion of protons back to the mitochondrial matrix. The energy released in the process activates ATP synthase and it catalyses ATP synthesis.

Detailed explanation-2: -ATP synthase relies on a gradient of hydrogen ions to operate and create new ATP molecules. ATP synthase is essentially extracting energy from this hydrogen ion gradient by allowing the facilitated diffusion of hydrogen ions.

Detailed explanation-3: -ATP synthase forms ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) through oxidative phosphorylation, which is a process in which enzymes oxidize nutrients to form ATP.

Detailed explanation-4: -The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side.