AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Two such electron carriers are NAD+ and FAD, which are both derived from B vitamins. The reduced forms of NAD+ and FAD, NADH and FADH2, respectively, are produced during earlier stages of cellular respiration (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle).

Detailed explanation-2: -NADH: High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain. FADH2: High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain.

Detailed explanation-3: -FAD can exist in four redox states, which are the flavin-N(5)-oxide, quinone, semiquinone, and hydroquinone. FAD is converted between these states by accepting or donating electrons. FAD, in its fully oxidized form, or quinone form, accepts two electrons and two protons to become FADH2 (hydroquinone form).

Detailed explanation-4: -NADH is the reduced form of the electron carrier, and NADH is converted into NAD+. This half of the reaction results in the oxidation of the electron carrier.

Detailed explanation-5: -The Krebs cycle uses the two molecules of pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis and yields high-energy molecules of NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), as well as some ATP. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrion of a cell (see Figure 6-1).