AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Herbivorous mammals: lemmings, voles, caribou, arctic hares and squirrels. Carnivorous mammals: arctic foxes, wolves, and polar bears. Migratory birds: ravens, snow buntings, falcons, loons, sandpipers, terns, snow birds, and various species of gulls.

Detailed explanation-2: -Some migratory birds, such as the snow goose (Chen caerulescens), alter the landscape. Snow geese often denude areas of cotton grass, leaving behind mostly mosses, which increases the flux of solar energy into soils.

Detailed explanation-3: -Temperatures are frequently extremely cold, but can get warm in the summers. Tundra winters are long, dark, and cold, with mean temperatures below 0°C for six to 10 months of the year. The temperatures are so cold that there is a layer of permanently frozen ground below the surface, called permafrost.