AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The tundra is a special type of land found in extremely cold areas such as the Arctic and parts of Alaska and Canada. The tundra is sometimes called the frozen desert. In areas with tundra the ground is frozen the whole year. This permanently frozen ground is called permafrost.

Detailed explanation-2: -Permafrost is a permanently frozen layer on or under Earth’s surface. It consists of soil, gravel, and sand, usually bound together by ice. Permafrost usually remains at or below 0°C (32ºF) for at least two years. Permafrost can be found on land and below the ocean floor.

Detailed explanation-3: -In much of the Arctic, it is frozen year-round. In the southern regions of the Arctic, the surface layer above the permafrost melts during the summer, and this forms bogs and shallow lakes that invite an explosion of animal life.

Detailed explanation-4: -Tundra soils are usually classified as Gelisols or Cryosols, depending on the soil classification system used.

Detailed explanation-5: -Tundra is one of the large flat areas of land in the north of Europe, Asia, and America. The ground below the top layer of soil is always frozen and no trees grow there.