AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Notably, the Sumatra has a substantially higher rate of deforestation driven by small-scale agriculture and small-scale plantations than Kalimantan.

Detailed explanation-2: -The expansion of oil palm plantations has been an important driver of deforestation in Indonesia for the past 20 years, accounting for one-third (3 million hectares, ha) of Indonesia’s loss of old-growth forest.

Detailed explanation-3: -One sample-based analysis estimated that between 2001 and 2016 industrial oil palm plantations (i.e. intensively managed large-scale, typically covering several thousand hectares of land, plantations owned by companies) accounted for 23% of total Indonesia-wide deforestation [10].

Detailed explanation-4: -Deforestation linked to oil palm expansion, for years a primary driver of forest loss, has also shown a marked decline. An analysis by palm oil supply chain mapping initiative Trase found that deforestation in Indonesia associated with palm oil dropped by 82% in the past decade.