AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Tundra winters are long, dark, and cold, with mean temperatures below 0°C for six to 10 months of the year. The temperatures are so cold that there is a layer of permanently frozen ground below the surface, called permafrost. This permafrost is a defining characteristic of the tundra biome.

Detailed explanation-2: -Permafrost is a permanently frozen layer below Earth’s surface. It consists of soil, gravel, and sand, usually bound together by ice.

Detailed explanation-3: -The tundra is the biome characterized by the presence of permafrost. Permafrost is a layer just beneath the surface of the ground that never thaws, even in the middle of summer. The tundra is also known for being the coldest of Earth’s biomes, getting down to-40 degrees Fahrenheit during the long winter.

Detailed explanation-4: -Arctic tundra is located in the northern hemisphere, encircling the north pole and extending south to the coniferous forests of the taiga. The arctic is known for its cold, desert-like conditions. The growing season ranges from 50 to 60 days.

Detailed explanation-5: -Tundra soils are usually classified as Gelisols or Cryosols, depending on the soil classification system used.