AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Volcanoes (an event in the lithosphere) release a large amount of particulate matter into the atmosphere. These particles serve as nuclei for the formation of water droplets (hydrosphere). Rainfall (hydrosphere) often increases following an eruption, stimulating plant growth (biosphere).

Detailed explanation-2: -Let’s look at a couple of examples of how a change in one system (or sphere) affects other Earth systems. Volcanoes (geosphere) erupt, sending ash and gases into the air (atmosphere) and sending lava and ash down onto surrounding forests (biosphere) and human habitations (biosphere).

Detailed explanation-3: -Volcanoes (events in the geosphere) may release a substantial amount of hot lava (geosphere), which causes mountain glaciers (hydrosphere) to melt. Mudflows (geosphere) and flooding may occur downstream from volcanoes and may inundate streamside communities (biosphere).

Detailed explanation-4: -Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during a volcanic eruption. The particles are very small-less than 2 millimeters in diameter. They tend to be pitted and full of holes, which gives them a low density.

Detailed explanation-5: -Volcanic gases form a dissolved component of magma that is released to the atmosphere in large quantities during eruptions. The principal volcanic gases are water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride.