AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Common examples of pioneer species include bacteria, lichen, mosses, and fungi. In the ocean they can be phytoplankton, zooplankton, and algae.

Detailed explanation-2: -In secondary succession, a previously occupied area is re-colonized following a disturbance that kills much or all of its community. A classic example of secondary succession occurs in oak and hickory forests cleared by wildfire. Wildfires will burn most vegetation and kill animals unable to flee the area.

Detailed explanation-3: -Primary succession happens when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first time. This can happen, for example, when lava cools and creates new rocks, or when a glacier retreats and exposes rocks without any soil. During primary succession, organisms must start from scratch.

Detailed explanation-4: -The 5 stages of Ecological Succession in successive order are-Nudation, Invasion, Competition and Co-action, Reaction, and Climax or Stabilization.