AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -First, weathering and other natural forces break down the substrate, rock, enough for the establishment of certain hearty plants and lichens with few soil requirements, known as pioneer species, see image below.

Detailed explanation-2: -Secondary succession starts when a disturbance (such as wind storms, insect outbreaks, logging, avalanches, bulldozers, or fire) leaves the soil intact. Seeds, spores, and roots usually remain as well. Sites that begin with secondary succession reach the next stage more quickly than during primary succession.

Detailed explanation-3: -Abiotic factors such as soil quality, water, and climate will determine the species that continue the process of succession. Mosses and grasses will be able to grow in the newly created soil. During early succession, plant species like grasses that grow and reproduce quickly will take over the landscape.

Detailed explanation-4: -For example, after a forest fire that kills all the mature trees on a particular landscape, grasses might grow, followed by shrubs and a variety of tree species, until eventually the community that existed before the fire is present again.