AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Primary succession is ecological succession that begins in essentially lifeless areas, such as regions in which there is no soil or where the soil is incapable of sustaining life (because of recent lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier).

Detailed explanation-2: -Primary succession occurs when new land is formed or bare rock is exposed, providing a habitat that can be colonized for the first time. For example, primary succession may take place following the eruption of volcanoes, such as those on the Big Island of Hawaii.

Detailed explanation-3: -Primary succession occurs in an environment without previous life, or a barren habitat. Secondary succession occurs in an area that had previously been inhabited but experienced a disturbance, such as a wildfire. The newly created volcanic island has no previous life, and is made of rock, devoid of soil.

Detailed explanation-4: -Primary Succession: Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. It leads to the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas. Rock weathers and crumbles into particles, releasing nutrients. Initial pioneer species: lichens, mosses.