AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Bryophytes or annual grasses succeed the lichens. They are able to hold small amount of soil. Bigger trees appear in the later stages and are succeeded by other species untill a climax community forms an equilibrium with the environment. It leads to the formation of forest ecosystem.

Detailed explanation-2: -Answer and Explanation: The correct answer is c. lichens. Lichens are most likely to be pioneer species in a newly formed volcanic island.

Detailed explanation-3: -On newly created volcanic islands, for example, after the rock cools, seeds blown by the wind may lodge in crevices, germinate, and take root. Often these first colonizing plants are weedy species, such as fast-growing grasses and lichens, that do not grow tall but do reproduce quickly.

Detailed explanation-4: -The first stage of succession involves pioneer species. In primary succession, pioneer plants are those that can grow without soil, such as lichens. Lichens begin breaking down a rock.

Detailed explanation-5: -Primary succession occurs when new land is formed or bare rock is exposed, providing a habitat that can be colonized for the first time. For example, primary succession may take place following the eruption of volcanoes, such as those on the Big Island of Hawaii. As lava flows into the ocean, new rock is formed.