AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -For example, primary succession may take place following the eruption of volcanoes, such as those on the Big Island of Hawaii. As lava flows into the ocean, new rock is formed. On the Big Island, approximately 32 acres of land are added each year.

Detailed explanation-2: -All the undisturbed flows on Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, and Hualālai volcanoes are young enough to be in some degree of primary succession, and the patterns and relative age of lava flows are reflected in the maturity of vegetation.

Detailed explanation-3: -The Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanic activity. The Hawaiian Emperor seamount chain is a well-known example of a large seamount and island chain created by hot-spot volcanism. Each island or submerged seamount in the chain is successively older toward the northwest.

Detailed explanation-4: -Primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas-regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier.

Detailed explanation-5: -Primary succession occurs after a volcanic eruption or earthquake; it involves the breakdown of rocks by lichens to create new, nutrient-rich soils. The first species to colonize an area after a major disturbance are called pioneer species; they help to form the new environment.