AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Answer and Explanation: The correct answer is c. lichens. Lichens are most likely to be pioneer species in a newly formed volcanic island.

Detailed explanation-2: -Primary succession occurs when new land is formed or bare rock is exposed, providing a habitat that can be colonized for the first time. For example, primary succession may take place following the eruption of volcanoes, such as those on the Big Island of Hawaii.

Detailed explanation-3: -1: Pioneer species are the first to colonize: During primary succession in lava on Maui, Hawaii, succulent plants are the pioneer species. After weathering breaks down the lava into soil, the plants are able to take root.

Detailed explanation-4: -The first organisms to appear in areas of primary succession are often mosses or lichens. These organisms are known as pioneer species because they are the first species present; pioneer species must be hardy and strong, just like human pioneers.