AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A phylogenetic tree, also known as a phylogeny, is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.

Detailed explanation-2: -Each branch point (also called an internal node) represents a divergence event, or splitting apart of a single group into two descendant groups. At each branch point lies the most recent common ancestor of all the groups descended from that branch point.

Detailed explanation-3: -Cladograms are diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called “clades”. By depicting these relationships, cladograms reconstruct the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of the taxa. Cladograms can also be called “phylogenies” or “trees”.

Detailed explanation-4: -Root – The initial ancestor common to all organisms within the cladogram (incoming line shows it originates from a larger clade)

Detailed explanation-5: -Cladograms are tree diagrams where each branch point represents the splitting of two new groups from a common ancestor. Each branch point (node) represents a speciation event by which distinct species are formed via divergent evolution.