AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Homologous genes Biologists often compare the sequences of related genes found in different species (often called homologous or orthologous genes) to figure out how those species are evolutionarily related to one another.

Detailed explanation-2: -Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities – often species, individuals or genes (which may be referred to as taxa).

Detailed explanation-3: -Sometimes referred to as DNA-DNA hybridization, this process hybridizes the genetic information from two different organisms to determine similarities between them. Scientists separate strands of DNA from both species using heat, which breaks the bonds between the base pairs that link the two sides of the double helix.

Detailed explanation-4: -Because the DNA sequence determines a protein’s amino acid sequence, a gene shared by two closely related organisms should have similar, or even identical, amino acid sequences. That’s because closely related species most likely diverged from one another fairly recently in the evolutionary span.