AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -homology, in biology, similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor.

Detailed explanation-2: -These likenesses in structure, called homologies, are the result of descent from a common ancestor. In related species, the same anatomical features evolved into distinct forms as they were used in different environments or for different functions.

Detailed explanation-3: -If a group of organisms is believed to have shared a common ancestor, the group containing that ancestor and all of its descendants is called a monophyletic group. A monophyletic group must be recognized by the presence of at least one shared derived character.

Detailed explanation-4: -When similar characteristics occur because of environmental constraints and not due to a close evolutionary relationship, it is called an analogy or homoplasy. For example, insects use wings to fly like bats and birds, but the wing structure and embryonic origin is completely different.

Detailed explanation-5: -Homologous structures Some related organisms have similar structures in some parts of their body structure. These structures are the same because they must’ve inherited them from a common ancestor. But the descendants use these structures differently. Such body structures are termed homologous structures.