AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In the equation, p2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa. In addition, the sum of the allele frequencies for all the alleles at the locus must be 1, so p + q = 1.

Detailed explanation-2: -In order to express Hardy Weinberg principle mathematically, suppose “p” represents the frequency of the dominant allele in gene pool and “q” represents the frequency of recessive allele. p+q=1 since the sum of both frequencies is 100% .

Detailed explanation-3: -The arm of the chromosome. Each chromosome is divided into two sections (arms) based on the location of a narrowing (constriction) called the centromere. By convention, the shorter arm is called p, and the longer arm is called q.

Detailed explanation-4: -In the simplest system, with two alleles of the same locus (e.g. A, a), we use the symbol p to represent the frequency of the dominant allele within the population, and q for the frequency of the recessive allele.

Detailed explanation-5: -The second Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to determine genotype frequencies. The variable ‘p2’ denotes the homozygous dominant genotype (AA), ‘2pq’ denotes the heterozygous genotype (Aa), and ‘q2’ denotes the homozygous recessive genotype (aa).