AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -horizontal gene transfer, also called lateral gene transfer, the transmission of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) between different genomes.

Detailed explanation-2: -Lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms belonging to distinct groups of interbreeding individuals, and therefore involves mechanisms other than classical sexual reproduction.

Detailed explanation-3: -Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the movement of genetic information between organisms, a process that includes the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria (except for those from parent to offspring), fueling pathogen evolution.

Detailed explanation-4: -Instead, they usually mean genes being passed on from parents to children. This is known as “heredity” or “inherited genes."

Detailed explanation-5: -Vertical transfer refers to the passage of a plasmid from mother to daughter cells during division. Horizontal transfer refers to the passage of a plasmid from donor to any recipient cell outside of cell division, often through conjugation (Smillie et al, 2010; Rodríguez-Beltrán et al, 2021).