AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Meiosis and subsequent joining of haploid gametes generates new genotypes by shuffling linkage groups (chromosomes) and recombination generates new genotypes by shuffling alleles of genes within individual chromosomes. Both processes supply genetic diversity upon which natural selection may act.

Detailed explanation-2: -This shuffling process is known as recombination or “crossing over” and occurs while the chromome pairs are lined up in Metaphase I. In Metaphase I, homologous chromosome pairs line up. Homologous chromosomes can exchange parts in a process called “crossing over."

Detailed explanation-3: -When recombination occurs during meiosis, the cell’s homologous chromosomes line up extremely close to one another. Then, the DNA strand within each chromosome breaks in the exact same location, leaving two free ends. Each end then crosses over into the other chromosome and forms a connection called a chiasma.

Detailed explanation-4: -Gene shuffling refers to the creation of different combinations of alleles (forms of genes) during meiosis. Gene shuffling happens in many organisms, but for simplicity, we’ll talk about this process in humans. Humans are diploid, meaning that most of our cells have two copies of each of our 23 chromosomes.

Detailed explanation-5: -In eukaryotes, recombination during meiosis is facilitated by chromosomal crossover. The crossover process leads to offspring having different combinations of genes from those of their parents, and can occasionally produce new chimeric alleles.