Wolbachia pipentis are bacteria that infect fruit fly species. When the genome of the fruit fly was sequenced, it was found that most of the genome of the bacteria had been integrated into the fruit fly genome. This passing of genes between organisms of different species and not from parent to offspring is

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A	caused by mutations. This type of gene transfer can increase genetic variation only, if it happens in the cells that produce eggs and sperm.
B	called gene recombination and happens during sexual reproduction. This type of gene transfer has no effect on genetic variation.
C	caused by gene duplications. This type of gene transfer can increase genetic variation, if the duplicated genes acquire new functions.
D	called lateral gene transfer. This type of gene transfer can increase genetic variation, and therefore diversity.

Explanation:

Detailed explanation-1: -The complete genome sequence of Wolbachia pipientis wRi from Drosophila simulans is a single circular chromosome of 1, 445, 873 bp, with 1, 150 potential protein-coding sequences and 114 pseudogenes (Fig. 1). We identified 4 prophage segments, here called wRi-WOA, wRi-WOB (present in identical duplicates), and wRi-WOC.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Drosophila melanogaster genome sequencing project was essentially completed in March of 2000. Sequencing was begun using mapped large-insert clones, but completed using a whole genome shotgun (WGS) approach; it represents the first demonstration of the WGS approach to sequencing in a multicellular organism.

Detailed explanation-3: -This is because: about 75% of human disease-causing genes are found in the fly in a similar form, it is easy to work with and breeds quickly, and many tools are available to manipulate any genes in it.

Detailed explanation-4: -A fruit fly genome is not just made up of fruit fly DNA-at least for one fruit fly species. New research ( Current Biology) shows that one fruit fly species contains whole genomes of a kind of bacteria, making this finding the largest bacteria-to-animal transfer of genetic material ever discovered.

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