AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 mathematically represents Hardy-Weinberg’s principle used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium. It states that the allele frequencies in a population are stable and remain constant from one generation to another.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Hardy-Weinberg equation used to determine genotype frequencies is: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. Where ‘p2’ represents the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype (AA), ‘2pq’ the frequency of the heterozygous genotype (Aa) and ‘q2’ the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa).

Detailed explanation-3: -The Hardy-Weinberg equation is a mathematical equation that can be used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is expressed as:p2+ 2Pq+q2 = 1 where p is the frequency of the A allele and q is the frequency of the a allele in the population.

Detailed explanation-4: -The Hardy–Weinberg principle states that after one generation of random mating genotype frequencies will be p2, 2pq, and q2. In the absence of other evolutionary forces (such as natural selection), genotype frequencies are expected to remain constant and the population is said to be at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.