AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -making comparisons, resemblances resulting from convergence must be considered. Whales and bony fishes, for example, have similar body shapes for the same function-progression through water. Their internal features, however, are widely different.

Detailed explanation-2: -Two classic examples of convergence in vertebrates are: (1) the independent evolution of wings in birds, bats and pterosaurs, and (2) the overall similarity of body form in aquatic forms-fish, cetaceans (whales and dolphins), and ichthyosaurs (aquatic reptiles).

Detailed explanation-3: -Examples of convergent evolution include the relationship between bat and insect wings, shark and dolphin bodies, and vertebrate and cephalopod eyes. Analogous structures arise from convergent evolution, but homologous structures do not.

Detailed explanation-4: -We know that dolphins and sharks are not closely related, and they didn’t inherit their similar body shapes from a common ancestor. Their streamlined bodies, dorsal fins and flippers are the result of convergent evolution.

Detailed explanation-5: -The flipper forelimbs of marine mammals (cetaceans, pinnipeds, and sirenians) are a classic example of convergent evolution. There is widespread convergence at the gene level.