AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Splice-site – these substitutions affect the boundaries between exons and introns (splice sites). A mutation here can prevent splicing at that site. This will result in a very different protein being made due to the post transcriptional processing as some introns may be included or some exons removed.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. Germline mutations (that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations (that occur in body cells) are not passed on.

Detailed explanation-3: -If a parent carries a gene mutation in their egg or sperm, it can pass to their child. These hereditary (or inherited) mutations are in almost every cell of the person’s body throughout their life. Hereditary mutations include cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease.

Detailed explanation-4: -A gene mutation is the change in the base sequence of DNA that results in the formation of a new allele. It has no effect because the genetic code is degenerate, does change the amino acid but no effect on the tertiary structure, the new allele is recessive so it doesn’t influence the phenotype.