AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -False, it should read “Some mutations may be harmful and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer, but many are beneficial."

Detailed explanation-2: -Beneficial and deleterious mutations change an organism’s fitness but the distribution of these mutational effects on fitness are unknown. Several experimental, theoretical, and computational studies have explored this question but are limited because of experimental restrictions, or disconnect with physiology.

Detailed explanation-3: -Mutational fitness effects (MFE) can be quantified using the selection coefficient of single mutants, that is, their fitness relative to a common reference genotype, as estimated from progeny sizes, growth rates or related quantities.

Detailed explanation-4: -Depending on the population size, most of the deleterious mutations are purged from the population. Advantageous mutations, however, will spread and increase the overall fitness of the population.

Detailed explanation-5: -They always cause a change to an organism’s genotype. Regardless of the cause of the change, a DNA sequence is always altered when it mutates.