AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Uncertainty theory is a branch of mathematics based on normality, monotonicity, self-duality, countable subadditivity, and product measure axioms. Mathematical measures of the likelihood of an event being true include probability theory, capacity, fuzzy logic, possibility, and credibility, as well as uncertainty.

Detailed explanation-2: -Uncertain calculus, invented by Liu [123] in 2009, is a branch of mathematics that deals with differentiation and integration of function of uncertain processes.

Detailed explanation-3: -Probability is the branch of mathematics that studies the possible outcomes of given events together with the outcomes’ relative likelihoods and distributions.

Detailed explanation-4: -Probability is a component of how we describe the future. It has no place in describing the past. Uncertainty is all about the present – our degree of knowledge about the current state of the world, and about how much we presently know of the past.

Detailed explanation-5: -The main branches of mathematics are algebra, number theory, geometry and arithmetic.