AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The chromosomes in a homologous pair each have the same genes in the same order, but there may be variation between them, resulting in different alleles. Some of the variants in these alleles might have functional implications while others will not.

Detailed explanation-2: -Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci.

Detailed explanation-3: -In humans. Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, but there are only 22 pairs of homologous autosomal chromosomes. The additional 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes, X and Y.

Detailed explanation-4: -Each pair of chromosomes-called a tetrad, or a bivalent-consists of four chromatids. At this point, the homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material by the process of crossing over (see linkage group).

Detailed explanation-5: -The two chromosomes in a homologous pair are very similar to one another and have the same size and shape. Most importantly, they carry the same type of genetic information: that is, they have the same genes in the same locations.