AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Single base substitutions are called point mutations, recall the point mutation Glu—–> Val which causes sickle-cell disease. Point mutations are the most common type of mutation and there are two types.

Detailed explanation-2: -A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single “chemical letter” such as switching an A to a G). Such a substitution could: change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the protein produced.

Detailed explanation-3: -Substitution mutations can be good, bad, or have no effect. They cause three specific types of point mutation: silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. A silent mutation is one where the function of the protein is not changed. A missense mutation codes for the wrong protein.

Detailed explanation-4: -Mutations can be of many types, such as substitution, deletion, insertion, and translocation.

Detailed explanation-5: -noun, plural: base pair substitutions. A type of mutation involving replacement or substitution of a single nucleotide base with another in DNA or RNA molecule. Supplement. This type of mutation occurring in noncoding sequences often does not result in an altered amino acid sequence during translation.