AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Mendel’s law of independent assortment does not apply to linkage. Inherited genes are said to be independent of one another under the law. Since two genes are located on the same chromosome, the linkage is an exception to this rule. Thus the independent assortment is violated by linkage.

Detailed explanation-2: -Although linkage is an exception to this law as two genes are situated on the same chromosome, the case changes when there is a crossing over of chromosomes. Two different genes situated close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. This phenomenon is called linkage.

Detailed explanation-3: -Linkage contradicts the law of segregation and crossing over leads to formation of more variations which cannot be described by Mendelian genetic laws.

Detailed explanation-4: -Multiple alleles, incomplete dominance, and codominance (article) Pleiotropy and lethal alleles (article) Sex-linked traits (video)

Detailed explanation-5: -When genes are close together on a chromosome, the alleles on the same chromosome tend to be inherited as a unit more frequently than not. Such genes do not display independent assortment and are said to be linked.