AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A half-shaded circle or square represents that a person is a carrier of the trait in question. A completely shaded circle or square shows a person who expresses the trait. A non-shaded circle or square represents a person who is not expressed or carrier of the trait.

Detailed explanation-2: -A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait. A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait. A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait. death of the individual.

Detailed explanation-3: -In pedigree analysis, a dot in a circle shows the carrier individual for sex linked recessive. Half shaded circle and square are used for heterozygous for autosomal recessive. Full shaded circle and square are used for affected individuals.

Detailed explanation-4: -These are used while drawing a pedigree. Additionally, a dot in a circle (⨀) shows an individual who is a carrier for a sex-linked recessive gene. So, the correct option is D. Carrier for sex-linked recessive.

Detailed explanation-5: -On a pedigree, carriers are represented either by a half-shaded symbol or a shaded dot in the middle of the symbol.