AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Germline mutations occur in gametes, the sex cells, such as eggs and sperm. These mutations are especially significant because they can be transmitted to offspring and every cell in the offspring will have the mutations. Somatic mutations occur in other cells of the body.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mutations can occur in any cell, but only germline mutations-those present in egg and sperm cells-can be transmitted to offspring. For instance, hereditary diseases are a subtype of genetic disorder that are caused by deleterious germline mutations.

Detailed explanation-3: -Answer and Explanation: A frameshift mutation is one that will most likely cause a change in the protein’s structure and function.

Detailed explanation-4: -Answer and Explanation: (e) Insertion of one nucleotide is most likely to drastically affect a protein’s sequence. Insertion/deletion of any number of nucleotide/s (except in the multiple of three) will result in the mutation refer to as a frame-shift mutation.