AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Although small molecules can lead to phenotypic changes via cell signaling, other environmental agents find more direct routes into a cell’s nucleus. These agents are known as mutagens, and they act by directly altering a cell’s DNA sequence.

Detailed explanation-2: -Environmental mutagens are defined as chemical and physical agents in the environment that induce genetic mutations or increase mutation rates during the human life span [1]. Most mutagens act as human carcinogens or exert genotoxic effects on the next generation via germ cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -Various mutagens, which pollute air, water, and food, possibly induce mutations in humans, and are suspected of causing cancer. Environmental mutagens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heterocyclic amines are known to bind to nucleotides, resulting in the formation of DNA adducts.

Detailed explanation-4: -Abstract. Mutagens are agents that damage DNA and can, depending on the ability of an organism to repair the damage, lead to permanent changes (mutations) in the DNA sequence. But agents that damage DNA can also damage deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), which are used by DNA polymerases to replicate DNA.

Detailed explanation-5: -Types of mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents. Mutations may be spontaneous in nature.