AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Mutational effects can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral, depending on their context or location. Most non-neutral mutations are deleterious. In general, the more base pairs that are affected by a mutation, the larger the effect of the mutation, and the larger the mutation’s probability of being deleterious.

Detailed explanation-2: -Most mutations are not harmful, but some can be. A harmful mutation can result in a genetic disorder or even cancer. Another kind of mutation is a chromosomal mutation. Chromosomes, located in the cell nucleus, are tiny threadlike structures that carry genes.

Detailed explanation-3: -Lethal mutations are also possible. As the term implies, the mutations lead to the death of the individual. Death does not have to occur immediately, it may take several months or even years. But if the expected longevity of an individual is significantly reduced, the mutation is considered a lethal mutation.

Detailed explanation-4: -Most gene mutations have no effect on health. And the body can repair many mutations. Some mutations are even helpful. For example, people can have a mutation that protects them from heart disease or gives them harder bones.

Detailed explanation-5: -Answer and Explanation: “All mutations are harmful and increase the risk of disease such as cancer” is a false statement. It should read “Some mutation may be harmful and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer, but many are beneficial. The majority of mutations are nearly neutral or harmful.