AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Duplication: A duplication consists of a piece of DNA that is abnormally copied one or more times. This type of mutation may alter the function of the resulting protein. Frameshift mutation: This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene’s reading frame.

Detailed explanation-2: -A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV light and cigarette smoke.

Detailed explanation-3: -Mutations can be of many types, such as substitution, deletion, insertion, and translocation.

Detailed explanation-4: -Duplication, as related to genomics, refers to a type of mutation in which one or more copies of a DNA segment (which can be as small as a few bases or as large as a major chromosomal region) is produced. Duplications occur in all organisms.

Detailed explanation-5: -Gene duplication can occur by several mechanisms, including whole-genome duplication (WGD) and single gene duplication. Single gene duplication includes four types, tandem (TD), proximal (PD), retrotransposed (RD), DNA-transposed (DD) and dispersed duplication (DSD) (Freeling, 2009; Hahn, 2009; Wang et al., 2012b).