AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -By changing a gene’s instructions for making a protein, a variant can cause a protein to malfunction or to not be produced at all. When a variant alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, it can disrupt normal development or cause a health condition.

Detailed explanation-2: -Missense Mutation A missense mutation is a DNA change that results in different amino acids being encoded at a particular position in the resulting protein. Some missense mutations alter the function of the resulting protein.

Detailed explanation-3: -Frameshift mutations result in a change to the codon reading frame, and are typically caused by deletion or insertion mutations. Frameshift mutations have the most dramatic and detrimental effect on proteins.

Detailed explanation-4: -Missense mutations and nonsense mutations do affect protein structure and function and often can cause genetic diseases in humans.