AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -By the same token, any random change in a gene’s DNA is likely to result in a protein that does not function normally or may not function at all. Such mutations are likely to be harmful. Harmful mutations may cause genetic disorders or cancer. A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes.

Detailed explanation-2: -This is called a gene change or a mutation. A gene can change on its own, or it can be passed from parents to children. A gene change can sometimes cause health conditions, like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease. A gene change also can cause birth defects, like heart defects.

Detailed explanation-3: -Mutational effects can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral, depending on their context or location. Most non-neutral mutations are deleterious. In general, the more base pairs that are affected by a mutation, the larger the effect of the mutation, and the larger the mutation’s probability of being deleterious.

Detailed explanation-4: -Many mutations are neutral and have no effect on the organism in which they occur. Some mutations are beneficial and improve fitness. An example is a mutation that confers antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Other mutations are harmful and decrease fitness, such as the mutations that cause genetic disorders or cancers .

Detailed explanation-5: -Mutations result when the DNA sequence in an organism changes and are the main cause of diversity in organisms. Proteins are complex molecules that play a critical role in organisms. Mutations in the DNA sequence can lead to changes in protein structure. Some mutations can be beneficial.